viernes, 9 de mayo de 2014

Time is only one but is appreciated differently on Earth and in the cosmos: Why the Classical Theory of Relativity may be applied to time


                                               To the Lord of the Universe
Index
1. Premise
2. Classical Theory of Relativity
3. Why the Classical Theory of Relativity applies to time
4. Evolution of the study of motion of bodies in space
5. Conclusion
1. Premise
The senses of human beings appreciate the time differently, depending on where the person is: the earth or outer space. The senses of an astronaut in his space lab only perceive the darkness of the universe around him and the light of the celestial bodies in the distance; this reveals that for the astronaut time does not present significant evidence of physical change. The opposite occurs on earth, where the senses of people permanently capture the biggest and most visible consequences of the passage of time as the day and night and the seasons: winter, spring, summer and fall. For the foregoing reasons, I have concluded that the Theory of Classical Relativity or Theory of Relativity of Galileo Galilei is also applicable to time; to explain this idea is the main objective of this essay.
2. Classical Theory of Relativity
In the western world, philosophers and scientists of Antiquity, the Middle Age and Modern Age were interested in discovering the secrets of the universe but some of his discoveries were ignored and sometimes censored by the limitations imposed by religion at that time. The best known is the case of Galileo Galilee (1564-1642), condemned by the Inquisition for remember and support the theory of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), who years earlier had claimed that the sun and not the earth was the center of the universe, and that earth, moon and planets revolves the sun.
In his extensive scientific work, Galileo showed great interest in the study of the motion of bodies in space. Galileo said that the motion of bodies is relative and depends on where the observer perceives motion. This premise of Galileo may be checked easily when you travel in an airplane or on a ship. If you see through the window of the airplane or watch inside the plane you do not feel that the plane is moving. The aircraft movement is imperceptible to who is inside. The same applies to those who are in the interior of a ship. But people who are on the ground or are in another boat if can perceive the movement of the aircraft or ship. If you look at this time around, the earth seems quiet; you do not perceive that the earth is moving; however, in reality, the earth is moving at a speed of 108,000 kilometers per hour, but human beings here on earth do not feel it. Instead, an astronaut from a space station if can perceive the movement of the earth. These examples explain in practical terms what is known as the Theory of Classical Relativity or Theory of Relativity of Galileo Galilee.
3. Why the Classical Theory of Relativity applies to time
So far, the Classical Theory of Relativity has been applied only to the motion of bodies in space. But I think the theory is applicable to time because the same premises applicable to the assessment of the movement of bodies in space are also applicable to the assessment of the time in space. Indeed, the same that happens with the appreciation of the motion of bodies on the ground, depending on where the observer is, it does occurs with the appreciation of time, depending on if the observer is in the earth or in outer space. From the earth humans perceive the consequences of time; but an astronaut in his space station does not see these changes in his environment because in the cosmos there is not day nor night, nor winter, spring, summer or fall. From his space laboratory he only can see the areas of light and shadow of earth but does not perceive the effects of time in outer space around him; therefore, we can say that the appreciation of time is relative and depends on where the observer is: the earth or outer space.
4. Evolution of the study of the motion of bodies in space
Since ancient times man has tried to understand the motion of bodies in space, beginning with the motion of the earth and stars. Studies by Isaac Newton, in the 17th century, show that the most ancient civilizations Babylon, Chaldea, Egypt, Greece and Rome knew that the earth and the planets revolve around the sun. There is evidence that prove that a Greek astronomer, Aristarchus of Samos (310 BC -230 BC), first introduced the idea of Heliocentrism. However, historical sources have attributed the authorship of the concept only to Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), for his book On the celestial spheres (1531).
Copernicus’s work was continued by a German mathematician and astronomer, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), who studied the motion of the planets and created three concepts known as Kepler's laws, which confirm that the earth and planets move around the sun in an elliptical shape and variable speed depending on the distance from the sun: maximum speed at perihelion and minimal speed at aphelion.
Isaac Newton (1643-1727), English philosopher and mathematician continued and expanded the research of his predecessors. He studied the phenomenon of light and created a new discipline, the mathematical calculation, to predict the changes of matter. He formulated the Universal Law of Gravitation that explains the attraction between the bodies. Newton deduced that the sun, by its gigantic mass attracts the earth and planets. Earth attracts the moon, planets attract each other and in the same way the earth attracts the apple falling to it. It is the gravitational force, according to Newton, which operates throughout the universe, so that gravity is a universal law.
Newton formulated three concepts about the effect that exert the force on the motion of bodies, ideas known as Newton's laws. He also studied the properties of matter and concluded that the bodies become light and vice versa, anticipating the concept of mass and energy as a unit, developed two hundred years after by Albert Einstein.
In 1905, the scientist Albert Einstein (1879-1955), published his Theory of Special Relativity, which explains the motion of bodies in space and adds a new dimension: time, which represents a complete revolution in the study of the subject, since previous scientists had considered time as an absolute magnitude. Einstein changed the concept and demonstrated that time is relative and integrates an indivisible unit with space. In 1915 he expands its studies on the subject and develops the Theory of General Relativity, which explains how space, time, matter and energy are related.
Einstein develops a new theory of gravity and ensures that the mass of bodies curve space around and that is the cause of attraction between bodies. He said that the gravitational force does not exist; it is the curvature of space what pushes the bodies. The sun, with its large mass bends the space around the earth and therefore the earth is attracted to the sun. The earth, with its large mass bends space around and attracts the moon. The planets bend space around and attract each other. His theory of the curvature of space was verified by testing at times of solar eclipse in the twenties and observing Mercury's orbit around the sun. Both tests found that light bends in space around the sun. This changed the idea of gravity that survived two hundred years since Isaac Newton formulated his Theory of Universal Gravitation. Einstein therefore created a new theory of gravity that represents a new vision of the universe.
In parallel, Einstein studied the laws of matter and explained how the mass of bodies is converted into energy, giving rise to a new reality in the world: the Atomic Age.
5. Conclusion
Only as a metaphor, we could talk about the existence of a cosmic time and human time. But that distinction is an arbitrary creation used solely to better understand reality, because time is one only in the cosmos and on earth. Humans have created limited time concepts that do not exist in reality but serve to organize the activities of life: seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months and years. The concept of time in units of measurement is a human invention. The cosmic time is one only in one only space where the Astros are in permanent motion.
Space and time is one unit. In the cosmos that unit is perfect and indissoluble. But on earth humans make distinction between one and another supported by the physical evidence provided the phenomena of day, night and seasons, phenomena which, in turn, lead to changes in nature. These changes are evidence of the passage of time.
In cosmic time there is no second, minute, hour, week, month or year. All that exists is the motion of the stars; that is the measure of time.
The cosmic time is only one dimension inseparably united to cosmic space.
Galileo could not apply his theory of relativity to time for a simple reason: because in his epoch space travel was not known and, therefore, he could not know that time in space is seen differently than on earth. But human beings of the 20th  and 21st  century know the perspective of the universe from space by mean of photographs and other evidence taken in outer space; so man can today to distinguish the time from Earth and the time from space. Consequently, we can conclude that the Classical Theory of Relativity of Galileo may be applied today to time; that is my hypothesis.
Other essays by the author on the theme:
Relativity of the mathematical exactitude
Space and time is one unit


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