Four priorities and programs for the world development

The most important problems and priorities of the world are: a) overpopulation, b) destruction of nature and the environment, c) poverty d) egoism and lack of social education. Following we will explain each one.

1.       Overpopulation

In the last 100 years the population grew more than in the rest of the humanity history; this has been a consequence of the advance in the science and technology. The trend of high growth has augmented in the recent decades and the perspective is that at mid and long term will be more intense. But the problem is that the resources do not increase in the same proportion.

1.1.  Solution

A solution is to develop a global campaign of education to promote the responsibility and to highlight that a family most have only the number of children that a couple can care, this mean, to feed, educate, to give medical assistance and to assure an appropriate home.

The campaign must be accompanied of concrete medical programs developed by the governments to help the population to reach the objectives.

2.       Destruction of nature and the environment

The world shows evident signs of the nature and environment destruction: climate change, contamination of the sources of water, pollution of the cities and too many other problems that affect the health and quality of life of millions of people.

2.1. Solution

There is no one solution because the environmental problems are innumerable. However, we can do something concrete to help the environment: it is a global program of reforestation, which might contribute to restore the balance of nature and to improve the quality of life of the people. The reforestation is an effective way to diminish the climatic change effects and, moreover, to protect the threatened sources of water.

3.       Poverty

The key to combat the poverty is the employment: good and stable jobs with fair salaries. To reach those objectives would be necessary to carry out three plans: a) a program of job training, b) a program to increase the number of jobs in the economy, that we have denominated the double working-day and the half working-day (1) and c) the creation of millions of ecological employments, through the global program of reforestation proposed in the previous epigraph. The countries might create permanent activities to plant and to keep diverse kind of trees for different uses and this would be a concrete contribution to the solution of the jobless.

4.       Egoism and lack of social education

They are the cause of the most world problems.

4.1. Solution

A solution is to employ the immense power of the mass media to create in the world population attitudes to favor the economic and social development; they are: a) To promote the responsibility in the family that, among other duties, require to have only the number of children that a couple can care, b) to protect nature and the environment, especially, to keep the forests, do not contaminate the sources of water and to do a rational disposal of waste and c) to develop campaigns of public health to teach the population rules to prevent the spread of illnesses.

5.       Conclusion

Of course, these ideas are not the solution of the humanity problems, but its application might create better conditions of life for millions of people worldwide. This kind of initiatives must be promoted by institutions of international influence, like United Nations and the World Bank. Without the sponsorship of those agencies the programs would not be possible. So that in the hands of the leaders of the United Nations, Ban Ki- moon and the World Bank, Jim Yong Kim, is the possibility of to realize these initiatives.

(1)    http://www.amazon.com/Pablo-Rafael-Gonz%C3%A1lez/e/B001JOAE2U

A concrete idea to combat the unemployment, political economy

“The economic crisis has taken its toll on the young, ILO estimates that the global youth unemployment rate rose to 12.6% in 2010.” Helen Clark, Head of the United Nations Development Programme, March 21, 2011.

Index

1.     Overview

2.     Inexactitude of the statistics

3.     The sub employment is not revealed

4.     The intense use of technology and its effects on the employment

5.     Machine substituted the work of man

6.     What to do

7.     Demographic control

8.     The double working-day and the half working-day

9.     Global campaign of reforestation

10. Conclusion

1.      Overview

The unemployment is the worse illness of the society. The effects on their victims are of devastation. The employment is essential for the happiness. Unfortunately, the unemployment affects millions of people in the entire world. But there is other similar phenomenon: the sub employment (underemployment); this affects people that exert an economical activity but do not enjoy of a secure income neither the social benefits of the formally employed.

If you add the figures of the unemployed to the figures of the sub employed, the total amount is something really amazing, especially in the underdeveloped nations. The problem is that the figures of sub employment generally stay hidden. The official’s statistics usually do not reveal the sub employment figures.

The unemployment and the sub employment are the main cause of the poverty. So that the first measure to combat the poverty must be the creation of jobs.

But the creation of jobs requires several conditions. The jobs cannot be generated by magic. The creation of jobs responds to concrete needs of the society. An entrepreneur creates a job when he is sure of the utility of that job.

For the creation of a job it is necessary to make an investment; this means the use of financial resources and the employ of material goods, among them, resources of energy ---like petroleum--- that are every day scarcer and expensive.

One hundred years ago, the situation was different: there was abundance of material resources, especially of natural resources. For that moment, still man had not devastated the Earth wealth. The petroleum exploration was hardly beginning and the forests, rivers, lakes and oceans had not been razed.

Now, in the first years of the 21^st century, the reality changed completely. Today, the limitations of natural resources are something real. The reserves of conventional petroleum have diminished in a sensible amount; hundreds of animals and plants species have disappeared; the forests, the marine resources and the reserves of water are also in critical situation in many regions of the world while man realized 2,053 nuclear detonations only between 1945 and 1988. The food is seriously threatened by the drought, the water scarcity and now by the biofuels. For example, by the year 2007, 25% of the United States corn production was for ethanol. On March 31 2011, the Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO, described as “potentially catastrophic climate impacts on food production over the long-term,” in a letter to the Convention on Climatic Change.

But while the natural resources experiment a reduction, the population grow in a constant form. It is a contradictory phenomenon that threats the humankind survival at mid term. The world is overpopulated. This means that the resources are not enough to satisfy the demand of the world population, among them, the demand of employment. You can verify it in a simple form: observe the traffic jam, the limitations in the water availability, the price of gasoline, the number of unemployed and sub employed in your community, the files in the banks, supermarkets, in the drugstores, in the bakeries, the scarcity of food and basic services. This is especially visible in the underdeveloped nations.

2.      Inexactitude of the statistics

I have serious doubts about the exactitude of the statistics of labour; I will explain why. For example, if you study the statistics of unemployment of Mexico, you will find that the level of unemployment was ---approximately--- an average of 3% ---this represent full employment--- between the years 2003 and 2008, like you can see in the table 2.  I do not believe that those figures are true because of a simple reason: during the same period, the immigration of Mexican citizens toward the United States was huge, occupying the first place among the foreign-born population, as may appreciated in the table 1.

Table 1. United States, Foreign-Born Population by Race for Countries with 750,000 or more Foreign Born: 2007. Numbers in thousands

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007, American Community Survey.

Available in Internet in: http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/acs-11-pdf

For the period 2003-2008, the official statistics reveals that in the United States the unemployment was superior to 5%, this mean, superior to the Mexico’s unemployment rate; see table 2. This fact confirms that the doubt about the exactitude of the statistics is absolutely reasonable. The basic question is:  if Mexico has a level of full employment then why do the Mexicans citizens abandon their country to look employment in the United States?   A society that enjoy a high rate of employment, do not experiment a high percentage of immigration of its workers. Then, the logic conclusion is that the official unemployment figures of Mexico are not true. The figures of immigration reveal the economic disparities of the societies and especially their amount of unemployment and sub employment. 

Table 2. Unemployment, selected countries of America

Source: International Labor Organization. Laborsta, Internet.

Available in Internet in http://Laborsta.ilo.org/stp/guest

3.      The sub employment is not revealed

The big problem is the methodology used to define the unemployment. The traditional concept consider unemployed at the people of an age superior to the 18 years that search an employ and do not get it. But the statistics do not consider as unemployed the people that exert activities in the informal economy, the self-employed, neither the people that work for formal economic activities but do not enjoy of a fixed salary neither the social benefits of the formal employed, like the workers that work per hours, or in temporary form. All them are the sub employed, that do not appear in the official statistics. The International Labour Organization has its own concept about unemployment and underemployment, adopted by the 30^th International Conference of Labour Statisticians in Geneve, 1982.

Moreover of the situation of Mexico and the United States, it must be underlined the reality of other countries of Latin America, like Venezuela and Colombia where the sub employment occupy a first plane, but this is not reflected in the official statistics. This situation happens not only in America but in the rest of the world. Therefore, it is right to say that the sub employment is most grave than the unemployment, because the sub employment is a hidden fact ---officially not recognized--- of disastrous effects for the world population.

4.      The intense use of technology and its effects on the employment

The technological development has brought two contradictory phenomenons: a) the displacement of the traditional workers and b) the creation of new technological jobs. The problem is that the former has been more than the second and this has contributed to the maintenance and increase of the unemployment. In some nations the phenomenon has been more intense and in other less. For example, in the last decades, the industrialized societies have kept acceptable levels of unemployment; in change, the underdeveloped nations have been more affected by the use of new technology, displacing a most number of workers.

The industrial societies have prepared the workers for the new challenges derived of the technological development. In the underdeveloped nations this process has been slow and in minor scale. This explains the relative reduced levels of unemployment and sub employment in the industrialized nations and the major amount of both in the underdeveloped countries.

 5. The machine has substituted the work of man

The objective of the entrepreneurs is the economic benefit, for that reason the search optimize their activities through the technology and usually do not consider the social impact of the technological changes. The objective of the governments is different. The governments look the social benefit; therefore, they must establish the rules to guarantee the employment.

It should have a balance between the aspirations of benefits of the entrepreneurs and the social need of to generate employments.

The machines must be used with rationality and justice; man must not be an enemy of the machines neither vice verse, the machines must not be enemies of man.

The machines must be employed to give happiness to the human beings and not to provoke sadness, exclusion and unemployment.

The principal task of the scientists should be to get the balance between the machine and man, and to guarantee the maintenance and creation of employments.

A technology that substitutes the work of man is not a good neither a fair creation. The main objective of man should not be to accumulate more and more money. All the owners of the machines and the most advances technologies will die and shall not keep with them neither the money, neither the machines. They should think in the human effects of their actions, the effects on the families and on the workers, and not only in the egoist desire of to obtain more and more money. At the final, that money will not be useful for them.

6. What to do

The solution to the problem of the unemployment and the sub employment is not easy. Nevertheless, it is possible to achieve important advances. The world might reach partial success in this matter. The problem is of such magnitude that requires the action of the international agencies, the national governments of the countries, the entrepreneurs and the workers worldwide. But the main responsibility corresponds to the international agencies like United Nations and the World Bank. They should be the sponsors of a global campaign for the promotion of the employment and the preservation of the environment. I think that those should be the principal goals of those institutions, because the unemployment and the destruction of the environment are the two most graves material problems of the world. In turn, those problems have a cause: the overpopulation.

The high rate of population growth in the underdeveloped nations is responsible of the world overpopulation.

7. The demographic control

If the population growth rhythm continues like until now, to resolve the basic needs of the world society will be everyday more difficult. The first measure should be to begin a global campaign of demographic control in the underdeveloped nations. The situation is different in the industrialized nations because they experiment a contrary phenomenon known as demographic transition. This is the augment of the life expectancy of the senior people and the reduction of the birthrate.

I think that the international agencies, United Nations and the World Bank and the national governments of the underdeveloped nations should develop a Global campaign of demographic control. This is the unique form of to guarantee the next generations survival.

8. The double working-day and the half working-day

Twenty three years ago, in 1988, I wrote and published, in Spanish, an economic model to fight against the unemployment. The title of the thesis was “A concrete idea to combat the unemployment, the double working-day and the half working-day.” Available in Amazon:

 http://www.amazon.com/Concreta-Combatir-Desocupaci%C3%B3n-Jornada-Spanish/dp/9803002813/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1301159461&sr=1-1

The model was dedicated to the countries that suffer high levels of unemployment as consequence of the weakness of their markets, this mean, the weakness of the internal demand, by lack of income of a good part of the population, the unemployed.

It is an economic model that search to enhance the production of goods and services and to increase the level of employment, through the full use of the time of work, the productive infrastructure and the machinery. It is a new form of organization of the production and the work. The model is applicable especially in those countries where there is a productive capacity not enough used.

The core of the proposal is the legal creation of two different working-days of seven hours each one in a same day. In the most countries, the legal working-day is of eight (8) hours, but with the new proposal it would be established legally a second working-day of seven (7) hours. The workers that work in the first working-day cannot work in the second working-day. This fact guarantees the creation of new jobs that will be occupied by new workers.

The first working-day would begin at 7 am until 2 pm and the second working day would begin at 2 pm until 9 pm.

I shall explain the benefits with a single example: If 7 workers produce 7 pair of shoes in 7 hours, 7 new workers will produce 7 additional pair of shoes in the next seven hours of the second working-day. This mean that in the same day will be duplicated the jobs and the production.

Moreover of the industry, the model is applicable in the services sector; for example, in the medical and sanitary services. This would be especially useful for the underdeveloped nations that suffer serious restrictions because of the lack of medical attention.

9. Global campaign of reforestation

The other option to achieve a quick and effective creation of jobs is through the development of a Global campaign of reforestation, sponsored by United Nations and the World Bank, with the cooperation of the governments of the countries.

The Global campaign of reforestation would let to create millions of ecological employments worldwide and, in consequence, to attack the problem of the poverty and the unemployment. The other big advantage of this program is that it would let to keep the environment, because of the multiple benefits that the trees give to the people. The reforestation favors the ecological balance, the oxygen of the air, the rain, the conservation of the soils among others advantages.

To develop the Global campaign of reforestation it is not necessary to employ fossil fuels, like petroleum neither coal and this is its other great positive difference regarding other forms of creation of jobs. For example, to create one employ in the agriculture, the industry or in the tertiary sector it is necessary to use big amounts of energy. The campaign of reforestation does not need big amounts of energy.

10. Conclusions

-         There is not one or a rigid number of actions to promote the employment and to fight against the unemployment and the sub employment. I think that the human being have the duty of helping to find roads, solutions. That is what I want to do, only to help to find ways to solve this big problem that hit deeply the hearts and the life in family of the human beings in the entire world. The unemployment is something terrible, especially for the young people, that lose its hope when do not get a formal work. The same happen to the adults and to the senior citizens.

-         The international community, through the international agencies, the United Nations and the World Bank, might contribute in a decisive form to diminish the problem of the unemployment and the sub employment. I think that they might sponsor three basic campaigns: a) The Global Campaign of Demographic Control, b) The Global Campaign of Double Working-day and Half Working-day and c) The Global campaign of Reforestation, like concrete measures to combat the poverty, the unemployment and protecting the environment worldwide.

-         The Global campaign of demographic control is something essential to guarantee the survival of the next generations. The rate of population growth of the last decades is unsustainable.

-         The Double Working-day and the Half Working-day should be developed especially in those activities that require the less use of energy, like the tertiary sector of the economy; for example, in the activities to improve the quality of life of the population, like the medicine and services of health.

-         The Global Campaign of Reforestation is not only a measure of conservation of the environment but a measure of conservation of energy because its realization do not imply the use of the traditional sources of energy, petroleum neither coal.

The ecological employments, an useful proposal for the Copenhagen’s Summit

The mankind has not options. If this generation does not adopt the measures for preserving the environment in too few years the majority of the world will be a desert. The climate change, the garbage, the destruction of the water sources, the industrial pollution, is a true threat for the present and the future.
In Copenhagen still there is a hope. The development of a Global Program of Ecological Employments, through the reforestation, is an effective road for diminishing the global warming, protecting the nature and to attack the poverty.
Sponsored by the United Nations and the World Bank, and with the cooperation of the governments worldwide, this program might be a hope for millions of people in the entire planet. The decision is in the hands of the leaders that in this moment are in Copenhagen. God bless the world.

Effects of the economic crisis on the world stability

The link between politics and economy is beyond doubt. There is a relation of causality between both. In the history of humanity this relation is clearly visible. In periods of economic crisis and extreme unemployment the trend to the violence increases and vice verse, in times of prosperity the trend to peace increases. For example, the two great confrontations of the 20th century, the First World War 1914-1918 and the Second World War 1938-1945 was preceded by a period of severe economic crisis and it may be assured that the two phenomenon’s were essentially a consequence of the economic situation.
The economic ruin fed the animosity feelings of the countries and created radical leaders as Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler that incited to the war.
Other local conflicts of the 20 century had the same origin: the poverty, the unemployment and the struggle for the resources.
The 21st century is not an exception and the rule of the history might repeat again.
For that reason the comprehension of the economic reality is something very important, because it let us anticipate what would happen in the world political scenario.
Two decisive facts dominate the global economic situation: the financial collapse and the natural resources crisis. Both phenomena are closely joined and will determine the political future of the humanity, especially the war and the peace between the nations.

This information of Reuters on February 12 2009 is a clear explanation of the situation:

“World economic crisis is top security threat: U.S. Intelligence
By Randall Mikkelsen– 1 hr 41 mins ago

WASHINGTON (Reuters) – The global economic crisis has become the biggest near-term U.S. security concern, sowing instability in a quarter of the world's countries and threatening destructive trade wars, U.S. intelligence agencies reported on Thursday.
"The financial crisis and global recession are likely to produce a wave of economic crises in emerging market nations over the next year," said the report. A wave of "destructive protectionism" was possible as countries find they cannot export their way out of the slump.
"Time is our greatest threat. The longer it takes for the recovery to begin, the greater the likelihood of serious damage to U.S. strategic interests," the report said.
The report represents the findings of all 16 U.S. intelligence agencies and serves as a leading security reference for policymakers and Congress. Besides reviewing adversaries, it also considered this year the security impact of issues including climate change and the economy.
It said a quarter of countries have already experienced at least "low-level" instability, such as government changes, linked to the economy.
There have been anti-government protests in Europe and the former Soviet Union, and growing economic strains in Africa and Latin America, the national intelligence director, Adm. Dennis Blair, told Congress in delivering the report.
"Instability can loosen the fragile hold that many developing countries have on law and order, which can spill out in dangerous ways to the international community," Blair told the Senate Intelligence Committee.
Steps such as devaluations, tariffs and export subsidies were possible from countries desperate to boost economies.”
The report is enough illustrative and do not require more explanations.

Since its birth, capitalism created big crisis

The financial capitalism has dominated the world economy since the last decade of 19th century until the first decade of the 21st century, approximately 120 years. During that time, the financial capitalism accumulated a huge amount of money to build the modern world but it has generated, as well major crisis and losses for millions of people and thousands of businesses around the world who have lost their heritage as a result of its speculative practices. For example, “during the period following the First World War the U.S. banks showed a tendency to abandon the field of real banking business and becoming agents of financial speculation. Instead of extending loans, commercial banks used their short-term deposits to buy long period bonds recommended by the major banks and to buy or sell securities to the public willing to invest their money." (1)
(1) Harry Elmer Barnes. Historia de la Economía del Mundo Occidental.. Unión Editorial Hispanoamericana. México. 1973. Pages 622-623.

Through the so-called "controlled companies" financial capitalism appropriated full productive sectors from where all its actions were executed.
In the twenties led by the voracious American financial capitalism even lowered the wages of the workers to obtain more benefits that, among other errors, destroyed the purchasing power of workers and pushed the country towards the Great Depression.
"From 1920 to 1932 approximately 11,000 banks closed in United States before the "total closure" which occurred in early March 1933. Only 18,800 banks remained open. There is a contrast between the 11,000 banks which broke in the United States which the occurred in the same period in Canada, where only one bank was broken, the Home Bank, that closed their doors in 1932. While in United States by 1920 there were about 30,000 banks, Canada only had 10 banks with about 3,970 branches.”
As it can be seen in the quotations above, the financial capitalism led Capitalism system to its first big trial.(2)
(2) Idem,page 624.

How the American society overcame the Great Depression of 1929
Theoretically one could say that the 1929 crisis was caused in United States for two main reasons: a) the greed of bankers and b) the indifference, the “leisser faire” by the government, which created the conditions for the collapse of the economy. It was a misunderstood economic freedom that put the capitalist system near its end. Through a political action by the government of President Franklyn D. Roosevelt, the United States was able to overcome its most serious economic disruption.
These actions were not only economic but also a political concept known as “The New Deal” in which the state intervention was the main issue. The first thing President Roosevelt did to address the crisis was ---under strict control of the government--- to reopen the financial system—which had closed their doors in March 1933. Through a stringent law stopped the speculation in the stock market, established limits on the excesses of the electricity industry, which had been associated with the predatory practices of financial capitalism; enacted the National Industrial Recovery Act to encourage industry, reorganized the transportation, created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration to provide direct employment to the unemployed, created the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation in October 1933 to provide food, clothing and fuel to the unemployed, began a comprehensive public works program to provide direct employment to workers, revalued the dollar; and through the Home Owners Refinancing Act of June 1933, prevented the seizure of million people who could not pay their mortgages, among other important actions.
History repeats itself. And in the years 2008 and 2009, President Barack Obama took a set of measures similar to those adopted by President Franklyn Roosevelt in the thirties of the twentieth century.

Origin of the Global economic failure 2008

In the decade of the eighties in the 20th century appeared again in the horizon a new crisis that affected the most important industrial countries. In those years the mistakes of the global financial system began to be appreciated; in the precedent decade ---the seventies--- the financial international system gave loans of billions of dollars to the undeveloped countries at usury rates of interest.
The global crisis began when in the eighties the undeveloped countries could not pay their debts. In that moment the financial system employed their power and influence over the governments of the richest countries to impose a new method for recovering the loans and to avoid the bankruptcy.
The method was a new system of political economy that was named Globalization. Globalization is a system based in the principles of the Neo liberalism. The main objective of the new economic system was to impede the banks bankruptcy and to improve their benefits.
Bankers were aware that the debt was not recoverable but they created a formula for maintaining the debt as healthy assets. The formula was very simple: the refinancing of the debts at perpetuity, changing papers by other papers when these expire. Another formula employed by the financial system has been to issue billons of shares and bonds ---the most without real value--- to be negotiated in the Stocks Market of the world. The majority of these shares and bonds are a great risk because are surcharged or do not have any value, because do not have any support.
This has been the procedure used by the financial system and the cause of the main crisis of the 20th century, as the Great Depression of the thirties and the economic disaster of the first years of the 21st century.
In the eighties, the Globalization and the Neo liberalism was adopted as an official policy by the government of Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States, and it was imposed to the rest of the world through the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
The mechanism was simple: the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund dictated a series of conditions to the undeveloped countries: a) adoption of the free market policies b) none intervention of the States in the economy of the countries c) privatization of the more profitable public companies to be sold to the international capitals.
These conditions were imposed to the undeveloped countries under a threat. The country that did not accept the conditions would not receive new loans of the international financial system and their debts would not be refinanced.
Of course, all the undeveloped countries accepted because they had no other option.

Political consequences of the Globalization

The results of the Globalization were not the best. The Globalization process was a failure. As a consequence of its imposition, the political panorama of many regions of the world changed.
In many countries the governments that adopted the Globalization model fell. In other countries leftist governments emerged. Latin America is perhaps the best example. Since the decade of the eighties, 10 Latin American countries have leftist governments.
The establishment of leftist governments in Latin America is a direct consequence of the Globalization and the Neo liberalism policies.
In the first decade of the 21st century the countries with left-wing governments are: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Ecuador, Venezuela, Dominica Island, Cuba, Uruguay, Honduras and Nicaragua. In Honduras the situation changed in the year 2009 and a new government of right wing won the elections of November 2009.
The situation of Mexico must be considered in an especial manner, where a leftist candidate ---Andrés Manuel López Obrador--- lost the election in 2006 by very few votes and where there is a strong leftist movement with an important parliamentary force. This means that ---at medium term--- Mexico might fall in the hands of the left-wing. The same is happening in another country of Central America, El Salvador, where the Political arm of the former guerrilla, the “Frente Farabundo Martí”, in January 2009 won the parliamentary elections. In March 2009, the former guerrilla won the Presidency of that country, through Mauricio Funes. In Perú, other leftist, Ollanta Humala participated in the elections of the year 2006 and obtained an important voting.
It is necessary to highlight that Brazil and Mexico are between the major’s economies of the world. The Globalization and the Neo liberalism ---and especially the financial speculation that is the origin of the poverty of millions of persons worldwide--- also leaded these countries towards the left.

A way for promoting the democracy

The best road for promoting and strength the democracy is through the economic success. It is possible to create millions of new employments, to recover the economy and preserving the environment. Only it is necessary the political decision. For example, the creation of a Global Program of Reforestation ---ecological employments--- would be an effective form for combating the jobless and helping the conservation of the nature.
It is necessary to give the appropriate place to the real economy and to understand that the true wealth is not the money but the material production, especially the food, the water, the natural resources.
It is necessary a new ---holistic--- approach of political economy that highlight the supremacy of the real economy.

Economic dimension of the ecological employments, a way for fighting against the poverty and the climate change

The creative capacity, the imagination, is the most important. Through the imagination, man has conceived all the changes for building the modern society. A clear example of the creative capacity effects is the science and technology advance.
So far, in spite of the great progress reached in the science and the technology, man has been not able of achieving two important goals for the world population welfare: eradicate the poverty and preserving the environment.
The world population majority lives with less of $2 per day. The water is draining in many regions of the world; the petroleum too. The climate change has become a real threat. While everyday a portion of the forests are destroyed.
What to do?
The problem is that any program of economic expansion requires two scarce elements: money and natural resources. The additional problem is that the economic expansion requires a major use of energy and this imply an augment of the contamination.
Man can resolve the scarcity of financial resources. But he can not resolve the natural resources scarcity. He has to work with the existents resources. But ---with imagination--- man can diminish the contamination.
How?
The ecological employments are a way; it can resolve a good part of the unemployment problem without increase the pollution. And, on the contrary, to create an effective solution to weaken the climate change.
The creation of al Global Program of Ecological Employments divided in stages is a solution. In the first stage might be developed a Global Program of Reforestation. In the second, a Global Program of Preservation of the Water Resources.
Those initiatives would generate millions of new ecological employments worldwide. The main benefits will be for the poor population of the different world countries. The programs will give a salary and will increase the purchase capacity of millions of people. In consequence, it will produce an economic expansion phenomenon that will help the global economy recovery.
The financial resources for carry out the programs might come from the World Bank and the most developed countries. The rich countries will receive too a benefit because of the international commercial expansion that the mass of financial resources invested will cause.
Compared with other forms of jobs creation, the ecological employments are the cheapest. The investments for the creation of a job in other economic activities surpass several times the cost of an environment job creation.
The other great advantage is that these programs do not require an important increase of the fossil energy use.
In synthesis we can say that the programs would promote the global economy recovery, would create millions of new ecological jobs, increase the welfare of millions of families and contribute to diminish the global warming and the natural resources preservation.

The Ban Ki Moon and Robert Zoellick main challenges are combating the world poverty and preserving the environment

They are the leaders of the two most important political and development institutions, United Nations and the World Bank. And the mission of both is helping to build a best World.

The poverty and the destruction of the environment are the two great threats for the humanity.

I think that there is an effective form for helping the world to diminish the poverty and advancing in the preservation of the environment. The creation of a Global Program of Ecological Employments is a way. The first activity of that initiative should be to create a Global Program of Reforestation.

Which will be the benefits?

a) The creation of millions of new ecological employments that will help to millions of poor people worldwide and

b) The conservation of the environment, because of the positive effects of the reforestation on the climate change.

There are other alternatives for creating jobs. But the majority of them require a great amount of energy use, petroleum and/or coal. The effects of the use of fossil energy are well known.

In change, the reforestation does not need to employ great amounts of energy sources to be developed; that is one of its great advantages.

The reforestation is an efficient ecological way for combating the poverty and preserving the planet.

In the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference in December 2009, Mr. Ban Ki Moon and Mr. Robert Zoellick, have the possibility of developing concretes actions for helping the humanity. The Global Program of Reforestation is one opportunity for the world.

The ecological employments are an effective road for combating the world poverty

The environment crisis because of the contamination and the overexploitation of the natural resources is a reality. The extreme poverty of the world population majority is the other sad situation.
The environment crisis and the poverty are closely tied. A solution for both situations might be possible. The unique manner of resolving the poverty is by mean of the employment. Without employment and just salaries the welfare is not possible.
But the creation of new jobs require three conditions: a) financial support b) natural resources and c) know how (technology). The modern world has scarcity of the two first mentioned resources and a concentration of the third (know how) in the most developed countries.
Which might be the solution?
I think that the creation of millions of green, ecological new jobs is possible in the world. (In this point it is necessary highlight that for achieving this goal we do not need more petroleum.)
How?
First of all it would be necessary to create a Global Program of Employment and Protection of the Environment. This kind of program only can be developed by the international agencies, the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF.
The first action of a program like this must be:
a) To create and to carry out ---with the support of the national governments--- a Global Program of Reforestation. The benefits for humanity of this activity in terms of employment and protection of nature it does not have limits. The creation of millions of new jobs and a great advance in the control of the global warming would be, among other, the results.
b) In a second stage, the Program of Employment and Protection of the Environment might develop other activities, as the developing of new jobs for protecting the water resources and managing the garbage.

The mentioned programs would generate millions of new jobs worldwide; protect the environment and diminishing the world poverty.
I would like that this idea might be considered as a contribution to the next Copenhagen Climate Change Conference in December 2009.

United Nations should develop a global campaign of reforestation

That is the unique way to save the live in the planet. The figures on the destruction caused by human action are simply unbelievable. Disappeared and threatened species, water pollution, desertification, air contamination, overexploitation of the seas, rivers and lakes, atomic tests, are clear signs that the planet will not resist those abuses for much time more.
The leaders of the world have the duty of to adopt today the measures for avoiding the total destruction of the environment and the live. The United Nations should develop a global and strong campaign for the conservation and reforestation of the forests.
The forests that still survive ---and specially the Amazon Region--- are the last opportunity of the planet. The importance of the forests reserves as the Amazonia is something vital for the world. A similar natural reserve already does not exist in the planet. Man has destroyed the most forest reserves of the world in all the continents.
The forests are a source of water, oxygen and a natural form to combat the global warming.
For the United Nations this campaign would be other opportunity of to do something concrete to benefit the humanity.
pablorafael_gonzalez@yahoo.com